Racism in America :: essays papers

Bigotry in America The Construction of an Institution for a long time, it has been truth that the races were organically unique. The distinctions that isolated society depended on experimentally based hereditary contrasts that gave purpose behind the partition of races. Anyway dependent on ongoing discoveries, it is realized this isn't the situation. In 1974 Richard Lewontin scattered this fantasy with an investigation he did that demonstrated that there are no hereditary contrasts between races. Truth be told he found in the event that anything, there were more contrasts inside the races at that point between the various races. Why at that point, do we despite everything have use for various races? For what reason is bigotry still wild in American culture? The explanation is that in spite of the fact that race isn't established through science, this foundation of American culture is just an out of date mix of verifiable, social, and social development. Verifiably our physical contrasts provided motivation to isolate into races. In doing this we see the development of races. Europeans checked people that appeared to be unique from them and utilized this distinction as a legitimization for their thinking that these people were substandard compared to them. To help their cases, there was logical exploration done to clarify our disparities. These distinctions were supposed to be natural. As ahead of schedule as the 1800s researchers indicated these plans to be valid. One specialist accepted that blacks experienced a type of disease. Since science is supposed to be so definite and unquestionable, Americans held these speculations to be truth and utilized them to build the various characterizations of race. These organic discoveries gave the premise to the most degenerate foundation in America: bigotry. Through the grouping of ethnic minorities as second rate because of hereditary thinking, furnished whites with a reason to overwhelm. Th is social issue isolated the nation and filled in as a weapon to keep non-white individuals in the minority and prevented them from securing any financial or instructive force that was important to get by in America. This social marvel additionally manhandled the natural contrasts to additionally abuse non-white individuals. Race gave the ideal strategy for mastery in America. To the disappointment of racists around the nation, a researcher chose to rethink the hereditary contrasts between the races, that had been so astutely built.

Faith schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Confidence schools - Essay Example The term confidence schools is focused on the connection among training and confidence (Grander, et al, 2005). They are one of an assortment of schools including claim to fame schools, punctuation schools, extensive schools and others. They can be characterized as schools, both essential and auxiliary, which are given under the aegis of perceived strict confidence (Wallace, 2008). In this way, they furnish understudies general training with a system of explicit strict conviction including formal and casual exercises. The conversation about confidence schools isn't simple since it includes various confusions at both strategy and practice levels. A solid discussion ascends among lawmakers, instructors, media and people in general led with a degree of inclination about whether this sort of schools ought to be restricted or not. This article will explore this issue introducing the different sides of discussion. It will fundamentally show the various suspicions, standards and confirmations that every point of view gives and uncovers the criticalness of such discussion on the instructive procedure in the UK. Doing as such, it will concentrate on three principle angles that structure the base of such discussion. These include: the coordinating with instructive points, the instructive accomplishment and the suggestions on network reconciliation. The point of training is to create limits and abilities among individuals to have a decent existence (Pring, 2005). Such capacities incorporate critical thinking and basic and scientific reasoning that empowers self-improvement and construct the establishment for a genuinely judicious individual (King refered to Pring, 2010). A few people remain against confidence schools as they accept they jumble a large number of the basic points of instruction. They contend that these schools work under explicit motivation that attention on supporting specific arrangement of strict convictions and perspectives over the nearness of achieving the essential regular instructive purposes. In like manner, they

How to Write the Best Writing Paper

How to Write the Best Writing PaperSo you've got your eye on a job as a writer at a company, and you're already considering how to write the best writing paper. The road ahead is short, but it is actually not that difficult, so don't worry too much about your ability to pick the paper that's going to work best for you.First of all, consider what kind of writing you are good at. You should always aim to make your writing easy to read, and you should aim to be clear in your presentation of ideas.In terms of having a good idea of what type of writing paper you would like to write, it's a good idea to check with some other writers at your prospective organization. Some of them may already be writing papers in your area of interest, or perhaps you've just heard their opinions. Contact them and ask them for their opinion on the topic.Read what they have to say and consider what you could do to make your writing better. Your job here isn't to get your own ideas in line. You should listen to what others have to say and offer constructive criticism to other people. The result should be a better presentation.At the same time, however, you will also want to determine what aspects of your writing you feel are not up to par. Try to address those areas of your writing and make changes that will make it a better and more interesting writing experience.Before you decide which direction you want to take, remember to take a final note about your personal style of writing. You should try to avoid any abrupt or awkward paragraphs. Keep your paragraphs flowing well and remain unperturbed by the fact that you may be adding to someone else's ideas.Another thing to keep in mind as you are beginning to develop your writing style is to avoid too many spelling mistakes. You can also use some grammatical rules to guide your writing, so as to ensure that you have a natural flow to your sentences. For example, if you are beginning to compose a paper on an element or idea that may be complex , think about using an unconventional, yet easier to understand, way of expressing that idea.Writing a better paper requires that you examine yourself and what you are good at. Consider whether you need to make changes to your writing style. By keeping these things in mind, you will be able to deliver a quality product, and one that's more enjoyable to read.

Map of the Mid-Ocean Ridges

Analysis Of The Novel Mothers Of Invention - 1126 Words

The novel Mothers of Invention allows readers to achieve perception of the lower to upper-class women of the confederate south through their own eyes and words. The author, Drew Gilpin Faust, uses five hundred women’s well-kept diaries, letters, essays, memoirs, fiction, and poetry as well as Newspapers and significant political documents to reference how the Civil War molded their lives. Faust illustrates that many of these women lost their social standings, traditional gender roles, families, and homes. These women were able to redefine what it meant to be southern women of the Confederate war as well as develop new understandings of themselves. In this paper I will be discussing how southern women contributed to the war effort, what hardships these women faced and how they dealt with them, and why southern women turned against the Confederate war effort. The southern women can be divided into two categories: the workingwomen and the plantation-women. The absence of plantation women’s husbands and/or sons forced them to oversee slaves and farming. The rest of the women went out for the first time in hopes of finding sufficient work. However, some southern women were fed up with just sitting around doing nothing while their men were out at war. At first, many women who did not own slaves did not know how to occupy their time. Ada Bacot of South Carolina expresses her view, â€Å"Another day has passed what have I accomplished? I am truly unworthy†¦ there is nothing left for meShow MoreRelatedPsychoanalytic Analysis of Looking for Alaska Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 20, 2008 PSYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS OF LOOKING FOR ALASKA It seems natural to think about novels in terms of dreams or psychoanalytical realities. Like dreams, novels are fictions, inventions of the mind that, though based on reality, are by definition not exactly and literally true. Conversely, dreams may have some truth to tell but like novels their truth must be interpreted before it can be grasped. Such is the case with John Greens young adult novel, Looking for Alaska. It holds manyRead MoreThe character I chose was from a book titled Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare. I found1400 Words   |  6 Pages Bravery and Courage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the literature, To kill a mockingbird, Jem represents the idea of bravery and courage throughout the novel, His definition of bravery frequently changes over time. This goes beyond the fact that Jem ages from 10 to 13 throughout the novel, the shift that occurs has more to do with experience. At the beginning of the novel, Jen’s idea of bravery is simply touching the side of the Radley house and then only because â€Å"In all his life, Jen had never declined a dareRead MoreBiography of Thomas Edison Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison is one of the most famous inventors. He saw many changes take place in his lifetime. His inventions were responsible for many of those changes. Some of his inventions were the telephone, the light bulb, the movie projector, and the phonograph. These inventions contributed to modern day, lights, movies, telephones, records and CDs. When Edison was born, there was no such thing as electricity, but by the time he died entireRead MorePsychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a1100 Words   |  5 Pagestown in Pennsylvania by his father William who was a lawyer and his mother Grace. Skinner had a younger brother who he watched die at age sixteen due to cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with plans of becoming a writer. After graduating with his B.A. in English literature he attended Harvard University. Here Skinner invented his prototype for the Skinner box. After Graduating he tried to write a novel which unsuccessfully failed. After his studies in psychology he thenRead MoreThe Perfect Storm by Sebastian Junger983 Words   |  4 Pagesin the 1800’s they used to harpoon the fish. After decades of trying to find a new way to fish, the spotter plane and longline boat were created. Canadians were the first to use the spotter plane which allowed them to spot fish more easily. These inventions caused a boom in the swordfish industry until the government found high levels of mercury in the fish. 5. In this chapter the author tells the audience that swordfishing is a very dangerous job and that most fishermen deny that there job isRead MoreReview Of Yann Martel s Life Of Pi Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Islam, and considers himself a pious devotee to all three religions. Thanks to government upheaval that has long been distressing Pi’s father, the Patels decide to close the Pondicherry Zoo and move to Canada when Pi is sixteen. Pi, his mother, father, and brother Ravi all board the Tsimtsum along with the zoo’s animal inhabitants (who are on their way to be sold around the world). An unexplained event causes the Tsimtsum to sink, and Pi is the only human to make it onto the lifeboat andRead More Postmodernist Features in Vonneguts Cats Cradle2907 Words   |  12 Pagesinherited poetical cells or in his life experience. When we look at his fathers occupation, we find nothing striking that would have something in common with writing. His father was an architect. So lets have a look at his mother. She had a long history of mental instability and consequently committed a suicide. As well known, in each talented writer is a piece of insanity. After taking into account Vonneguts science fiction themes, we can lead discussions Read MoreFun, Electrate, Autistic, Obsessive Home Essay1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloping electracy will cause a downfall in society’s current learning abilities (Carr), I feel it creates a new type of learning style, that might even give an upper hand to people we otherwise might overlook. We have to consider that every new invention comes at a cost, but that does not necessarily mean the reward will not significantly outweigh it. Alison Bechdel’s â€Å"Fun Home† has an electrate quality through, not just the images, but the writing style and using obtuse meanings within her illustrationsRead MoreThe Brief Wondrous Life Of Oscar Wao Analysis1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, a novel composed by Junot Diaz, Oscar Wao tells in what presents to be an oral conversation, consisting in part youth with popular cultural references to fantasy and sci-fi, or American hip-hop, and of Spanish slang extracted from the language of Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, and South American. Diaz uses transnational as a critique contributing to the inspection of the achievements and the limitations of multiculturalism and its academic phenomenon, ethnicRead More Survival in solitude Essays765 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing stranded on an uninhabited island, Robinson Crusoe manages to discover his natural abilities that serve as indicators of his true character. At first glance the common adage, â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all inventions,† appears to account for the character of Robinson Crusoe; however, further analysis suggests that the intelligence, industriousness, and optimism are inherent to Crusoe’s personality. Sir Francis Bacon so aptly stated, â€Å"Prosperity doth best discover vice; but adversity doth best

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) - 1765 Words

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Degie Gelaw American Sentinel University The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are public health threats that require comprehensive, organized, and evidence-based control and prevention programs. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formerly known as the Institute of Medicine (IOM) appointed a 19-member multidisciplinary expert council to study the emergence of microbial threats to health and published a report in the United States about emerging infections (1992). The report cited there were six factors that influenced the emergence and re-emergence of infectious pathogens: â€Å"Technology and industry; Economic development and land use;†¦show more content†¦Further, a strain of SIV discovered in a chimpanzee in 1991 that was identical to HIV lead researchers to conclude HIV came from chimpanzees (Levy, 1993) and was determined those who died from the strange infection of pneumocystis pneumonia had HIV infection (Magnus, 2009). Pathogenesis and Occurrence of HIV HIV, a lentivirus causes AIDS through interaction of the different cells in the body mainly the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) molecules on cells and other cellular receptors (Levy, 1993) particularly responsible for the host’s immune system. Once HIV entry has occurred, the virus starts to destroy the host’s CD4 cells and replicates using an enzyme called reverse transcriptase and converting its ribonucleic acid (RNA) into a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Heymann, 2015). In addition, the ability for the HIV to break the long chains of protein that form the virus using an enzyme protease promote viral replication in the same manner as the body’s own immune system. â€Å"With CD4+ lymphocytes, HIV replication can cause syncytium formation and cell death; with other cells, such as macrophages, persistent infection can occur, creating reservoirs for the virus in many cells and tissues† (Levy, 1993, p. 205). Therefore, HIV-infected cells are present throughout the body in the bloodShow MoreRelatedThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay2117 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is coming from a subgroup of retrovirus called Lentivirus which causes HIV infection leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) later on among humans. AIDS is a human condition which progresses to the failure of the immune system, causing life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Treatments can be given, but without those, survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtypeRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay1235 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction At the end of 2011, an estimated 1.2 million people aged 13 and older were living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that approximately 50,000 people are newly infected with HIV each year (CDC, 2013). Fortunately, after more than 30 years of research on HIV, much progress has been made in fighting this disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed what was once a death sentence intoRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids ) Essay2084 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is from a sub group from retrovirus called Lentivirus which causes HIV infection leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a human condition which progresses to the failure of the immune system causing life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending in the HIV subtype. Vital cells in the human immune system such asRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Aids )1381 Words   |  6 Pagesdamaging diseases, and Ebola and HIV/Aids fall into the categories as one of the tougher diseases. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the earlier stages of aids, it is a virus that either destroys or impairs the functions of the immune system cells. The last stage of HIV is the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is when the immune system is defenseless to normal infections which now can be deadly. Ebola generally does the same thing as HIV/Aids, it attacks the immune system initiallyRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words   |  6 PagesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs andRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus : Hiv And Aids1935 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus, better known as the acronym HIV is a virus that destroys the immune system and can evolve into an infection. HIV is known a as pandemic because the immune system can fight off the infection but can never clear the HIV out of the body. â₠¬Å"HIV is spread through contact with the blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, or breast milk of a person infected with HIV.† [AIDS] According to AIDS.info, in the United States, the virus is usually contractedRead MoreHiv / Aids : An Acronym For Human Immunodeficiency Virus971 Words   |  4 Pageswith no vaccine or cure. That disease is HIV/AIDS. A disease that is so powerful its position in our society has moved from epidemic to pandemic. In this paper we will explore HIV/AIDS and my one-day journey at one of Delaware County’s largest full service HIV/AIDS providers and how it changed my perspective on the disease and the people who carry it. What is HIV/AIDS? HIV is an acronym for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus can only attack humans, hence the name, and reproduces by taking overRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease ( Aids )1366 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the last three decades, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (AIDS) epidemic has been a public health concern in the United States (US) and globally. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], (2015d) estimates that in the US, over 1.2 million people are living with HIV, of which 12.8% are unaware of their diagnosis. Due to exceptional medical advances in treatment and prevention strategies, a healthier quality of life and longevityRead MoreHiv / Aids Paper : Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 2016 HIV / AIDS Paper Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the human immune system, your body’s means of defense. The virus attacks specific viral defense cells, known as CD4+. As the disease spreads and attacks more CD4+ cells, your body no longer maintains its’ ability to fight of infections and diseases which leads to the death of the host. The final stage of HIV is known as AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). During this stage of the virus, the host getsRead MoreHiv / Aids ( Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Human Immune Deficiency )1249 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduction to the topic of HIV/AIDS, (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Human Immune Deficiency) from its early appearance as a deadly communicable disease that causes a viral infection in humans. During the 1960’s the infection was largely due to unprotected sex; the victims contracted the disease mostly due to unprotected sexual contacts from others who already had the virus. It became an epidemic and even pandemic. Those infected eventually died from HIV/AIDS as it came to be known, and there

The Truth Behind False and Biased Reporting free essay sample

Did you know Americans are continuously deceived by the media? I doubt anyone would accept this if they knew the truth behind their stories. These major â€Å"news† outlets twist and shape stories to their liking all the time, which only leads Americans to distrust them. Even worse, this dishonesty leads to misled assumptions that are based of reporting that simply is not true. Even if some do not believe this present issue, this negative influence still undermines the belief of letting people think for themselves. False and biased journalism by major media platforms, or as some people say â€Å"fake news,† is harmful to society. We see this with such fabrications as reporting President Trump as a racist, accusing him of colluding with Russia, and consistently having a negative tone towards his agenda. Calling our president a racist without reason only gives people the false impression that our leader discriminates among people of different races. According to Google, the term racist is defined as â€Å"a person who believes that a particular race is superior to another.† Now, one reason someone may ask if Trump is a racist is his travel ban, or as the media likes to call it, the â€Å"Muslim ban.† Trump backs his reason for this, saying that muslims, at large, are contributing a great deal to criminal outbreak in the states. The media responds to this by crying racism, however it’s a fact that muslim is not even a race. This exposes false reporting in the sense of setting a double standard between Trump and former President Obama. The exact same 7 countries that Trump restricted are the same ones that the Obama administration regarded as the most dangerous in the world with regarding to harboring terrorists. This is interesting as â€Å"racist and racism† wasn’t emphasized when proposed by him. Another key figure in proving the media gives this false label is Omarosa Manigult, the director of communications for the Office of Public Liaison for the Trump administration. In an interview by the Charlotte Observer in December 2016, Omarosa states, â€Å"as far as race, I can only talk of my experiences with Donald†¦ Look at my career, the wealth and exposure I’ve had: It’s very difficult to make the argument that Trump doesn’t like black people.† She also states that Trump has given her the personal directive that with the 4,000 jobs they need to fill, he wants his administration â€Å"to be the most diverse in history.† Another figure that proves this label false is Dr. Ben Carson, the head of HUD. This involvement of black people in his administration, and double standard set with a former president, shows that the media works to shape public opinion in their own will and interests. Trying to push the impression that President Trump colluded with Russia to his advantage in the election gives people the idea that our president did not rightfully win his position, despite his hard work. The fact that we still see this come up in news stories today shows how desperate the media is to give a negative image of this guy. The Trump-Russia investigation began in early 2016 (around 9 months ago). There has been no solid evidence to support this yet. The White House even states that, â€Å"The Senate has found zero evidence of Trump Russia collusion, time to focus on other things.† White House press secretary, Sarah Sanders, even stated in a press conference on October 5th, that â€Å"The Senate Intelligence Committee says it is yet to come up with any findings of collusion.† With the verification of these certified government officials, it is clear to seethe refusal of the media (liberals/democrats) to accept the defeat of their candidate. In turn, they ma ke a direct effort to undermine Trump’s position. Perhaps the most obvious deception of the media is the consistent negative tone towards Trump’s agenda. This tone greatly impacts the way the public views Trump. This constant negativity also makes it much more difficult for congress to get anything done, as it results in constant opposition. As stated by Sarah Huckabee Sanders (WH spokeswoman), only 5% of media coverage has been positive towards the president and his administration. This is to the point where it’s laughable. The stock market and economic confidence is at an all-time high, ISIS is on the run, unemployment is at the lowest it has been in 17 years, and the VA, which deals with veteran affairs such as, loans, hospitalization, healthcare, insurance, etc., has experienced multiple drastic remodels. It is very difficult to understand this percentage, with all these reforms in mind. The only explanation is that, again, the media’s primary focus is to give a false narrative of Trump. The media’s coverage of our President is unfair and takes advantage of US citizens as it shapes public opinion with false information. This is clear to see as major media platforms report Trump being a racist, accuse collusion with Russia, and have nothing good to say about his agenda, all with no proof or reason to back these claims. You can not escape this, this is a simple fact whether it pleases you or not. The major media corporations and reporting networks have a strong hold on their positions and this will not change without everyone’s effort. This effort must go towards abstinence. Don’t read snapchat news articles, don’t read someone else’s review on our President, and keep in mind this anger that the media has towards him when watching the news. Instead of doing any of these things, watch the raw material. Listen to our president’s speeches, watch his rallies, listen to what he has to say and form your own opinion, dont just simply rely on someone else’s. This is the only way to deal with this injustice to society. Then, possibly, ratings will begin to drop and these platforms will notice that we can not be lied to, and we will not believe everything we hear.

The Physical Education Teacher’s Role free essay sample

This essay will discuss the roles of a teacher in Physical Education, how their motivational practices and teaching styles can influence lifelong participation, how the different key stages of the National Curriculum for Physical Education (NCPE) affect the role of a teacher in their aims aim to promote health and lifelong participation, as well how government strategies have affected teacher practice. Although there is no specific for Lifelong Participation (LLP), Vanreusel (1997) suggests the basis of participation can be described as an activity that raises pulse and is enjoyable in nature. By continuing this from early childhood all the way through to adulthood and the later years of life, it establishes the lifelong link with participation in physical activity. A Physical educationalist can help promote a healthy active lifestyle and recruit people to the notion of participating for the rest of their lives by providing quality teaching and essentially through the use of motivational theory, which shall be touched upon later in the essay. We will write a custom essay sample on The Physical Education Teacher’s Role or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many people group physical activity and physical education together. Physical activity is the movement of bodily parts that result in heart rate increase and expending of energy. There are differing types of physical activity, such as low, medium and high levels of intensity. These can be further grouped in to the type, such as individual and team based or recreational and competitive (Shimon, 2011). Hilton and Bramham (2008) propose physical activity can constitute non-sporting alternatives that still provide pleasure and fitness gains, such as walking the dog or gardening. They finish with the notion of sport and exercise being two ‘significant and meaningful forms of an overarching, generic concept’ (Hilton and Bramham, 2008: p167). In essence, it is a teacher’s role to maintain high levels of physical activity throughout a session, whilst also educating students through the physical. As cited in MacNamara et al. (2011) the UK Department of Education and Science pronounced in 1992 that promoting physical development and capability that ensured lifelong involvement via competitive and non-competitive physical activity was physical education’s purpose. Using the work of Shimon (2011) to help define Physical Education, he proposes by using physical activity as a process of learning, we mature the mind and body. Physical education plays a part in the holistic educational progression by aiding the development of children and adolescents in a physically active environment. Jenkinson and Benson (2009) summarises the subject of physical education, suggesting it is a tool to provide opportunities for learning of the physical and through the physical. It is also instrumental in developing domains such as psychomotor and cognitive. Shimon (2011) articulates that physical education is the only area of a school curriculum that focuses on lifelong skill acquisition and development. In addition to this, because the importance of quality instruction within the school setting has now intensified, the occupation should not be taken lightly. It is recognised that school based physical education programmes are pathways for children to acquire knowledge to lead healthy and active lifestyles (Wuest, 2006; Gao, Lee and Harrison, 2008). Teachers have a mandatory two hours a week of physical education that is expected to be high in quality. This can be achieved by engaging students’ personal emotions, resulting in intrinsic motivation to absorb knowledge and thrive in the learning environment. By providing a positive environment, it impacts on student’s motivation to continue involvement with sport and physical activity. NCPE The introduction of the National Curriculum for Physical Education in 1992 is seem as the biggest attempt of change to school based physical activity in England and Wales (Curtner-smith et al, 2001). Reasons for this relate to a shift in governmental thought in the direction they wanted physical education to head in. Previously, physical education was about improving athletic ability, a more military style approach. This meant that teachers predominantly required a good skills knowledge-base, with the primary role of helping students throw further, jump higher and run faster. A shift in focus meant teachers were being asked to develop students holistically, such as improving personal, social and communication skills (Mawer, 1993). The role of a teacher had altered due to the change in emphasis, and was now required to involve students in decision making processes, as this could help such cognitive abilities such as problem solving (Goldberger and Howarth, 1993). By helping the students appreciate the knowledge being passed on to them, it can have a positive effect regarding extra-curricular participation, potentially resulting in a festering love for sport and activity that will last a life time. Curtner-Smith et al (2001) argue that after a few years, the government intervened with the aims of the NCPE, which differed from views of the original task force and had now opted to head back towards a more performance based agenda. With another change in emphasis, confusion could be caused for teachers. Assuming teachers had made efforts to evolve their thinking and styles concurring with the new roles implemented by the original NCPE, this move could have triggered frustration for the teaching public. Despite these assumptions, data collected in two separate studies by Curtner-smith and colleagues (Curtner-Smith et al, 2001 and Curtner-Smith and Hasty, 1997) had shown the introduction of the NCPE had little or no effect on teaching behaviours. Direct styles of teaching remained common-place during the starting years of its implementation. This suggests that the sample of teachers had failed to adapt their roles for the benefit of their students. A central theme within the curriculum has been to encourage teachers to plan, deliver then evaluate sessions. This allows for critical reflection of performance. Teachers can assess what they are doing right, in terms of promoting the aims of the NCPE, and also where they are going wrong, i. e. are the students not engaging? Does the learning environment have the right ‘motivational climate’? Teaching styles Teaching styles in physical education found distinction thanks to the ‘Spectrum’ model proposed by Mosston (Mosston and Ashworth, 2002) many years ago. Mosstons Spectrum has been highly successful in underpinning the conceptualisation of teaching styles in many PE domains across the western hemisphere (Sicilia-Camacho and Brown, 2008). The ‘Spectrum’ was a timely notion as the need for a model on teaching styles was emphasized by Mawer (1993) after the inception of the newly formed NCPE in 1992. He suggested that a variety of approaches to teaching were required as teachers were now required to form professional relationships built on respect and coherence however primarily because of the terminology used in NCPE policy texts, which included â€Å"‘setting goals,’ ‘exploring and selecting outcomes,’ ‘refining’, ‘adapting’, ‘improvising’, ‘describing’, ‘comparing and contrasting’, ‘analysing’, ‘judging’ and ‘reviewing’† (p. ). With a broader scope of achievement for pupils, styles differing from those previously more reproductive in nature (teacher-centred) required evolution to a more productive in nature (learner-centred) (Curtner-Smith et al, 2001). Failure to implement such procedures could have resulted in the probable inability of a) teachers to facilitate the required learning wanted by the government, because of a more autocratic approach, where teachers would tell, shout and demand things from a student rather than ask questions regarding improvement or improvisation, and b) pupils to achieve the personal and social skills, as well as problem solving abilities proposed by following the NCPE (Mawer, 1993). Hall (2004) suggests that having a PE department geared towards the same goals and outcomes regarding the ‘Why? ’, ‘What? ’ and ‘How? of PE teaching will lead to a successful educational programme because of the understanding teachers garner for their roles. These practices form high standards of teaching and help provide year on year continuity in classrooms, sports halls and playing fields throughout many schools that have optimised these ideals. Methods of providing high quality, inspirational teaching in the physical environment consist of non-stop, challenging and enjoyable activities. Teachers who appreciate the important part they play in a child’s education can help form confidence and motivation in youths, which provides a platform for lifelong participation. If children are to reap the benefits of a healthy active lifestyle during our school years, in to the remainder of their adult life, Caune et al (2012) view it as an important factor that schools and teachers establish a lasting impression regarding the significance of lifelong participation to students. This is achieved by teachers educating and motivating students to engage in term-time physical education as well as extra-curricular activities, which can help prepare them for a life of physical activity (Corbin, 2002). Methods of further involvement for the recommendation of extra-curricular activities can be simply asking students if they are currently participating in any. Also, by researching local sports teams and opportunities to become involve in extra physical activity, a small bulleting could be produced and introduced to students, providing contact numbers or websites, thus allowing them to take responsibility of the situation regarding participation. These club links can provide greater positive exposure to sport, motivating young people to remain in physical activity after they have left school. Motivation When looking at lifelong participation, it is simple to see the underpinning philosophy of what is required from a person to participate in an activity for the duration of their life, motivation (Caune et al, 2012). Concerns have been raised over the past decade or so, regarding the low level of physical activity participated in by the younger public. As a result, the motivation of students has come to the forefront of investigative research, prompting many scholars to look at the setting of physical education (Caune et al, 2012). While Roberts (1992) offers a complex definition, suggesting that â€Å"motivation and achievement behaviour are manifestations of cognitions and thought processes within dynamic social contexts† (p. vii). A more user-friendly definition is provided by Shimmin (2011), that motivation are the feelings of want and desire that push us to act on something. By applying this to physical education, he then draws on many factors that can influence a student’s reason for participation; interest in a task, belief in own ability as well as striving to improve ability are but a few. Furthermore, the numerous identities possessed by young people indicate learning can be achieved in a variety of ways and means (MacDonald, 2002), thus requiring many different strategies to provide the environment to do so for each and every child. Learning and motivation go hand in hand. When motivation is provided by a teacher within the learning environment, it facilitates engagement. While it is impossible to make people motivated to learn, it is possible to affect the ‘motivational climate’ of a learning environment using motivational theories and strategies (Shimon, 2011). Physical educationalists should always remain enthusiastic, engaging and confident. A teacher lacking in confidence will be the demise of all thoroughly planned sessions, clearly because a student will have little or no faith in what he is being told by his teacher if they are not seen to be confident in their delivery. By assessing the situation and monitoring how your students are engaging with your lessons using a certain theory or strategy, you can plan sessions and alter feedback and body language to suit the needs of individuals, thus potentially increasing motivation. Theories can be considered as a toolbox, where by if you identify a problem, you can go back to the toolbox (theoretical framework) and provide a solution with the available tools. Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is a motivational theory related to expectations, which is situation specific. When considering a task in hand, students consider confidence in their own ability before undertaking a task. Roberts (1992) speaks about adaptive and maladaptive achievement behaviours in this strand of motivational theory. When weighing one’s situation up, if they consider their ability is high enough to achieve a positive outcome, then adaptive behaviours occur. This is where individuals are fully committed, consider the task worthy of effort and will persist until completion. Maladaptive achievement behaviours occur at the opposite end of the confidence ladder. When fear of failure, due to perceived ability, is rife students usually avoid effort and perseverance. This is critiqued and applied concisely by Gao, Lee and Harrison (2008), who give key factors behind how self-efficacy is produced. They suggest the procedure is a complicated cognitive process of four key areas; past mastery experience (have I been successful with this action before? ), vicarious experience (am I as capable as the person I am seeing complete the task? ), verbal persuasion (Is the teacher breeding confidence in me? Using positive reinforcement and/or attribution theory), and somatic, emotional states (is the student feelings anxious or nervous about the situation or in the environment? ). The model combines the managements of confidence and expectations. Analysing the concluding paragraphs of Gao, Lee and Harrison (2008) I can summarise that by applying theory to practice and creating realistic yet relatively high expectancy goals for individuals can avoid creating a sense of incompetence. To differentiate for a mixed ability group, it would be sensible to have a low starting threshold, where success is guaranteed, thus giving every child positive past mastery experiences (the starting point of self-efficacy). Using a student with low ability for group demonstration can positively affect a whole class, as it breeds confidence in that individual, as well as impacting the vicarious experiences of the rest of the group. For stimulus response to be effective, praising students is not enough. It is imperative that value is added by specifically stating how they achieved success, such as â€Å"that was a good jump because your knees were bent and then you drove through your heels and fully extended your knees and hips†. By stating the positives outcomes at the start of a program which students are about to commence, it can help develop a vested interest, adding perceived value to task or outcomes. It is important to realise that motivation is borne from self-efficacy, not vice versa. Government Efforts Green (2002) infers efforts in the UK made by the government to encourage lifelong participation and promote health, the supposed main role of school based physical activity, are visible by way of policies produced from the government (see, for example, DOH, 1999; NAO, 2000). This is backed up by Flintoff’s (2003) assumptions that since the start of the 1990’s, the younger public has had an emphasis progressively placed on them regarding UK sport policy. The early 1990’s reoccurs as a turning point in the government’s emphasis towards sport in schools, with Collins and Butler (2000) proposing no real investment had been made before this time, reverberating solid policy commitments from the Labour government with both Major and Blair at the helm. Flintoff (2003) also states the reasons for this as being a rise in levels of childhood dormancy, resulting in issues such as obesity. The government further acknowledged that an interest in other activities outside of sport and physical activity are an important factor behind drop-out rates and increasing levels of inactivity (DCMS and Strategy Unit, 2002). Coupled with a shortage in international success, the government has reacted by aiming an excess of policies and initiatives geared towards young peoples and increasing their participation levels. They have also produced announcements which commonly refer to PE as vital in educating and providing prospects for young people to gain independence in activity for the rest of their lives (Harris and Penney, 2000). Houlihan (2000) argues the value of producing so many policies and initiatives, as this has led to the saturation of ‘policy space’. He suggests that public policy is now a congested field, where each member is challenging for position over implementation of future issues. Another significant implication of ‘policy space’ progressively running out, it can lead to issues of individual policies becoming inter-reliant, whereby the effects of one policy can produce implications for the functioning of other policies (Houlihan, 2000), having an adverse effect on achieving their aims, which in some cases are increasing lifelong participation. One such policy, the School Sports Co-ordinator (SSCO), was a multi-departmental design. It linked with the Government’s efforts to create combined thinking, â€Å"in this case between sport (the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, DCMS) and education (the Department of Education and Skills, DfES)† (Flintoff, 2003. p232). The purpose of the role was to create opportunities in sport, by developing links between the physical education delivered in schools and the local sports clubs belonging to the broader community. The government has made efforts to bring teachers to the forefront of developing the strategies for SSCO, which appears a sensible decision, as they are the deliverers on the front line of the initiative. If the School Sport Co-ordinator programme is to achieve the aims set out, then professionals taking the post will require adequate knowledge of young people, the different motivational practices and be able to positively change attitudes towards physical activity (Flintoff, 2003). When given greater opportunity to experience a wider range of activities during younger life, this can have a positive effect in increasing lifelong participation as I shall look at in the next section. Early learning experiences Work from Kirk (2005) debates that while early learning experiences are critical to continuing involvement in physical activity, only a select few groups of the population are exposed to quality experiences in both schools and community clubs. Those lacking exposure to such experience range from youths with a lower socioeconomic background, girls and the young disabled. In contrast to young people from a higher socioeconomic background, boys and the able bodied, the aforementioned groups miss out on quality experiences, potentially affecting introduction to a rich volume of sports and activities that could impact lifelong participation. Kirk (2005) later suggests primary schools are inadequately equipped to give children the competency, insights and inspiration to progress in to secondary schools with the ambition to be involved in sports for the rest of their lives. A lack of quality early learning experiences in primary schools leaves little chance of the specialist PE teachers in a secondary school to impact on young student’s transition of learned knowledge to adults positively. Green (2004) reiterates Kirks (2004) thoughts that the PE, School Sport and Club Links strategy (PESSCLS) strategy ultimately failed, i. e. failed to raise participation rates of youths and linking school sport to outside clubs, due to the powers that implemented the role never had a solid research base from which to create an agenda for the position. Therefore teachers in the position were never fully able to fulfil the roles that they potentially never realised they were given. Consequently, the large scale investment by the UK government only had marginal bearing. Because of this, achieving the desired outcome of impacting on the bulk of the school-age population’s, through the use of teachers in a community based role, continuity with lifelong physical activity was debatable. Fairclough, Stratton and Baldwin, 2002) It is widely believed that active participation in sports during youth is an important prerequisite for adult involvement in sports (Yang et al, 1996; Green, 2010; Vanreusel et al, 1997). A quantitative study from Scheerder et al (2006) indicated that sport experiences and social background characteristics only partially explain the sport participation behavior of adults, whereas participation during adolescence is a better predictor of adults involvement in sports than educational level or arental socioeconomic status In the sports socialization process. Twilight adolescent sports involvement, along with the school program in which an adolescent is involved, appears to be a central role in the involvement of sport during later life. It is shown age is a significant factor of participation levels in physical activity, with national statistics suggesting there is a heavy decline when reaching the age of 45 and beyond (ONS, 1999). In spite of this, a notably active minority of over 45’s remain committed to vigorous physical activity well in to later life and for the remainder of their good health. Green (2010) suggests this can be attributed to a positive childhood participation in physical activity, usually deriving from a school’s physical education programme, and the impact of the deliverers. These past tendencies are a good evaluator of how a person will participate during later life (Roberts, 1996) Socialization Vanreusel et al (1997) offer insight to the long-term socialization process within sport, suggesting it is an on-going and complex process. Yang et al (1996) cites school as early starting point for this process, acknowledging the evolution, leaning and ingestion of skills, values, norms, self-perceptions, identities and roles. This suggests that primary school teachers, who are not specially trained for delivering physical education as a subject, will be a catalyst for the levels of activity or inactivity of their students. It can be argued that involvement in sport is not just a starting point of sport socialization but can be considered a by-product of it. Longitudinal studies (Vanreusel et al. 1997, Yang et al, 1996) have shown that strong links exist regarding the amount of physical activity during childhood and early teen years directly correlate with levels of physical activity in to adulthood. They also propose that the definitive years, that impact the sport socialization process, are the late adolescent years (16-19). This data then shifts the emphasis towards the importance of secondary school PE teachers, who are directly trained to deliver the subject of physical education, and the important role they play in the lifelong participation of the students they engage with on a weekly basis for a substantial amount of time, usually 5 years. Patters of inactivity are formed in this period that follow people throughout the rest of their lives (Vanreusel et al, 1997). Seefeld, Malina and Clark (2002) propose that ersisting with the extensive socialization process that ensues when involved with sport and physical activity during childhood and adolescence can be credited towards adult participation. They also discuss that persistence should not be on a sole of few activities, but a wide range of activities. It is the richness of early learner’s sport socialization that is important. This array allows a young person to experience many different actions and environments, usually provided by the PE teacher, which permits choice. This is where it becomes the teacher’s responsibility to provide exposure to many different sports. Although the NCPE provides guidelines on what should be taught, competent teachers are in a position and should possess the ability to differentiate activities and relate obscurer sports to more mainstream ones (Bocarra et al, 2008). The transition between adolescence and adulthood is a predominantly decisive time in relation to lasting participation. Roberts and Brodie (1992) support this with claims that as we reach adolescents and progress through to adulthood, lifestyles lean towards a reduced number of favoured pastimes that have been retained, increasing pressures on teachers to be a catalyst for lifelong participation. Conclusion After discussing at length the roles a physical education teacher plays in promoting lifelong participation and active lifestyles, as well as factors affecting their potential to do so, I can conclude that PE teachers play an extremely critical part in the facilitation of lifelong participation. There have been disputes over the effectiveness of physical educationalists in the UK regarding the success of promoting lifelong participation. Kirk (2002) claims very little evidence exists suggesting lifelong participation has been promoted during the time in which a national curriculum has been provided. Further to this, Kirk (2002), cited in Green, Smith and Roberts (2005), places blame towards a lack of similarity regarding the predominantly sports orientated physical education programmes and the lifestyle activities of adults. This is contended by Green, Smith and Roberts (2005) who say it is apparent in nature that sport and physical activity is engrained in present-day youth culture, citing the use of physical education programmes and the range of activity provided by the teachers that have developed comprehensive sporting repertoires and how this as helps promote healthy lifestyles. As touched upon earlier, motivation is another important subject, as it forms the basis behind all actions and desires that consistently appear in somebodies life. I have cited the motivational theory of self-efficacy as an ideal framework in which to build upon. By positively impacting the self-efficacy of a student, via the four components I mentioned earlier (past mastery, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and emotions), it can develop the intrinsic motivation required for prolonged engagement. Despite all the other sections of this essay I have critiqued towards the role a physical education teachers plays in promoting lifelong participation and an active lifestyle, I place motivation at the top of the totem when analysis the factors towards lifelong participation.

Medical Testing On Animals Essays - Laboratory Techniques

Medical Testing On Animals Essays - Laboratory Techniques Medical Testing on Animals Every year, nearly 100 million animals die in research laboratories at the hands of curious scientists who perform outdated and inaccurate tests that prove no benefit to humans or animals. Before these animals die, they are routinely burned, scalded, poisoned, starved, given electric shocks, addicted to drugs, subjected to near freezing temperatures, dosed with radioactive elements, driven insane, deliberately inflicted with diseases such as cancer, diabetes, oral infections, stomach ulcers, Syphilis, herpes, and AIDS. Their eyes are surgically removed; their brains and spinal cords damaged, and their bones broken. The usage of anesthesia is not mandated by law, and consequently, thus is rarely administered. Despite all of this cruelty, not a single disease has been cured through vivisection in this century. The overall adult cancer rate has risen in the past 40 years and a fatal heart attack strikes a person every 45 seconds. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that 70-80% of the common diseases killing Americans are preventable given a responsible diet and lifestyle. Drug testing on animals is inaccurate and does not benefit humans or animals at all. Animals including, but not limited to, dogs, cats, mice, rats, guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rhesus monkeys, imported primates, owls, deer, sheep, llama, and cattle are commonly used for vivisection. Vivisection is the medical term for the practice of experimenting on animals. Charles River Breeding Laboratories, a company owned by Bausch and Lomb, provides 40-50% of the animals used in experiments of laboratories. The other remainig misfortunate animals come from places a little closer to you and me. Some of them come from animal shelters, some come from the "free to good home" ads in the classified section of the newspaper, some from unsuspecting people who allow their companion animals to become pregnant, or even worse, some have been stolen directly from their own front yard. Imagine your pet one day being crammed into a cage with ten other animals waiting to die like approximately 20-100 million other animals do each year in numerous unreliable tests. More than 205,000 new drugs are marketed worldwide every year, most after undergoing the most common unreliable test method still in use: animal vivisection. The current system of drug testing places consumers in a dangerous predicament. According to the General Accounting Office, more than half of the prescription drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration between 1976 and 1985 caused serious side effects that later caused the drugs to be either re-labeled or removed from the market. The following drugs passed safe in animal experiments but proved tragic consequences in humans: Opren: 3500 people suffered serious side effects including damage to skin, eyes, liver, and kidneys. Thalidomide: Caused about 10,000 birth defects worldwide Clioquinol: Caused 30,000 cases of blindness and/or paralysis and thousands of deaths Conversely, many drugs that are beneficial to humans are dangerous or even fatal to animals: Penicillin: An antibiotic to humans, but kill's guinea pigs. Aspirin: Caused birth defects in rats, mice, monkeys, guinea pigs, cats and dogs, but not humans. This is obvious proof that testing on animals is unreliable, but sadistic tests still go on every day. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine reports that sophisticated non-animal research methods are more accurate, less expensive, and less-time consuming than traditional animal based research methods. Fewer accidental deaths caused by drugs and treatments would occur if stubborn bureaucrats and wealthy vivisectors would use the more accurate alternatives such as: 1. Cell and tissue culture in vitro. 2. Microorganisms and other species of little or no capacity for pain or suffering. 3. Computer models to answer questions and guide animal research. 4. Fewer animals used per study. 5. Less poorly planned work. If animal experimentation was eliminated, it would free up 6.8 billion dollars that could be used for education programs and medical assiezce programs for low-income individuals; helping the more than 30 million U.S. citizens who cannot afford health insurance, rather than making animals sick. There will be nearly 275,000 animals dead this time tomorrow that were not dead right now. The numbers are real and this happening in our world every day only because it is a multibillion dollar income for some people and is legal in the U.S. The National Institutes of

Introduction to Java Programming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Java Programming - Research Paper Example The borrowers are registered in the system and they can borrow books from the library through the system. Likewise, the borrower is represented in the first row as the class name of the borrower entity followed by its attributes and, lastly, the methods in the borrower class. The same criteria applies to the book and the employee classes The library main functions are to purchase, store, catalogue, as well as lend books to its users, especially the borrowers, including its employees. It also registers and stores the information regarding its employees and borrowers presenting each party with a unique identification number. The borrowers are involved with such activities as borrowing books and returning books while the library lends books, updates and makes addition of new borrows. The following use case diagram shows all the above named activities involving the borrower and the library. There are two main actors in this system, including the employee and the borrower. For the lending case, the employee (librarian) should be on the right hand side of the system, since it’s the main actor. He checks the library card to verify the borrower identity before lending out the

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Business law - Essay Example The courts might have used the written law to make their judgments. Andersen was found guilty of obstruction of justice for destroying of potential evidence by shredding their documents which could have been used by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the agency of the US Government With the primary responsibility for regulation of securities markets. Under US GAAP, the only acceptable method of financial reporting is consolidation of controlled entities .non consolidation can only occur under specific conditions Outside USA; consolidated financial reporting is called group accounting and is required when one entity owns more than half of the other entity and can dictate its operations. Consolidating financial reporting is complex and requires financial statements to be combined and reported as a single financial report. Enron failed to comply with this ethic Enron major crime was misrepresentation and misleading the general public about their financial position. Enron did not disclose its real financial figures. The major requirement in US financial reporting is disclosure of information. The disclosure requirement is based on the premise that markets are efficient. Enron traded on future contracts called derivatives because they derived their value from underlying assets. The market of the contracts reduces the volatility of prices by fixing a price at a future date. Example assume Enron have two option contracts matching the same amount of a commodity over the same period of time. One contract was to purchase the commodity while other contract was to sell the commodity. Enron looked on to the future on the assumption that contracts were exercised and there were net results. After evaluating all cost, the net income (loss) was estimated. The net income (loss) was discounted to its present value and recorded as loss. Earnings reported under the market to market were easy to manipulate because active markets for contracts dating

Strategy development at LEGO Essay Example for Free

Strategy development at LEGO Essay One of the initial strategy decisions was based upon the oil crisis in the 1980’s. The company reacted favourably by introducing new innovations and penetrating previously unexplored markets. Changes in the market environment in the 90’s also spurred on strategy development at LEGO. The advent of competitors and research contrary to what LEGO was basing its strategy on up to that point proved to be a focal point for the company. Objectives were set out and adopted and the company moved on. LEGO had difficulty in accessing and reading the market. Once this was highlighted, with the aid of a new COO, the company restructured and went on a cost cutting expedition – freeing up resources to assist with the long term objectives. LEGO suffered a sharp decline in the ‘most admired companies in Denmark’ poll. The external image of the company that which affected the general public’s opinion and the desirability of the LEGO Group as a prospective partner and employer suffered due to the fluctuations in sales and profits. Heavy financial losses resulted in a weaker capital structure and limited investment opportunities for the future. As a result the entire procurement process was re-analysed and restructured and cost reductions in all sectors of the business were significant. LEGO was fortunate enough to have a strong brand and awareness in the market. The market is more favourably inclined to ‘forgive’ companies that have taken the time to cultivate strong brand awareness. Even though LEGO clearly had bigger problems, they maintained and developed their relationship with their customers in order to better understand their needs and inculcate a higher standard of customer service within the company. Their focus remained strongly on the distribution in retail. The company suffered heavy financial losses and briefly discussed selling LEGO. However, this was clearly a last resort decision for the CEO. The family company and their dedication in making it succeed, worked for them. Had they given up the company, the LEGO brand would not have survived the climate it did. The company enjoyed strong financial backing. Instead of selling the company, it was decided that a loan would be taken. Give the heavy losses experienced, the climate and changes i n market share, LEGO still secured a loan. Clearly, someone else believed in them as much as they believed in themselves. The dedication of LEGO’s management and staff is one of their key advantages. Having staff dedicated to the vision, mission and strategy of the company is essential for the success of their long and short term objectives. LEGO’s bold approach to the global financial crisis in 2009 was part of their great success. This willingness and ability to act boldly saw them in good stead during a time of economic downturns. Another excellent use of resources is in the form of enthusiastic LEGO users for the development of products.

Ecosystems and Environmental Discourse :: Essays Papers

Ecosystems and Environmental Discourse What is an ecosystem? At first glance, this seems to be a straightforward question, one to be answered by environmental scientists. However, the concept of an ecosystem, or more specifically, the action that posits the existence of an ecosystem, raises a series of questions that challenge some basic assumptions about the environment. For instance, is an ecosystem a concrete object in the same way that a stone or a tree is? Or instead, is an ecosystem a set of interactions between such objects? While ecosystems do indeed exist, it is not without dramatic changes in our epistemology that we can speak of such objects without contradiction. Most importantly, we must acknowledge that the existence of ecosystems is contingent on human society. Environmental scientists certainly play an important role in describing ecosystems and in prescribing correct management of these systems, but we miss an important aspect of humanity’s role in the environment if we see ecosystems as discrete objects that exist independent of human society. Then what is an ecosystem? An ecosystem is a concept constructed by human society that aids us in perceiving an amazingly complex structure of interactions. This construction is rooted fundamentally in our language and the discourse that surrounds environmental issues. As such, the concept of discourse and the practice of discourse analysis are vital to understanding what an ecosystem might be. While there are advantages to seeing ecosystem as concrete objects, it is my intention in this section to describe an alternative view of ecosystems that is rooted in postpositivistic, postmodern analysis of reality. Hopefully, such analysis will also be useful in analyzing other concepts pertinent to environmental issues. To approach this alternative view, I will outline the concept of discourse as formulated by Michel Foucault, summarize the views and extension of post-Foucauldian discourse analytic theorists, and finally, apply these concepts to the question of ecosystems. Throughout, I will address the epistemological changes implicit in discourse analysis. A discourse is an institutionalized way of speaking that determines not only what we say and how we say it, but also what we do not say. Originating in the field of linguistics, the term discourse initially referred to whole units of speech (conversations) and the speech community in which these units were communicated. William Labov (1972) and other sociolinguists have used discourse analysis primarily as a descriptive tool, leaving epistemological and postmodern considerations aside.

Explore the implications of ‘homelessness’ with regards to Lennie Essay

‘Home’ in Of Mice and Men represents an ideal, one that all characters in this novella, including Lennie, appear to lack. Thus they are all ‘homeless’ in one sense or another. The subject of home and homelessness is one that is closely related to all the major themes of Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck effectively portrays his characters by their different aspirations towards ‘home’. In doing so he creates a hierarchy of this ideal. Thus the most humble and submissive dream of home pursued by Lennie and his companion George is shown to be the most compelling and greatest of all. Yet, will Lennie grasp the light flaming on the top of the Gabilan mountains-the light of heaven? Or are the providential forces of fate and destiny to render ‘Paradise Lost’ ? Of Mice and Men is about the plight of two American labourers, George and Lennie. George is a ‘smart little guy’ whereas Lennie is the exact opposite. The plot and structure of the story is very economical and the language used is in no way elaborate. Assisted by the simple time frame we are given the impression that the story is an uncomplicated one. Yet, within this seemingly unembellished novel are to be found a variety of themes, skilfully brought to light by the way in which the author handles his subject; George and Lennie. The two main themes of Of Mice and Men are that of dreams- the aspiration towards an ideal home, and that of loneliness. Lennie is a man of immense strength and size. However, in effect his mind is like that of a child’s. His home is neither with nature nor with man. Throughout the story, Steinbeck is constantly describing Lennie in animal terms. He says, regarding Lennie, â€Å"(h)e walked, heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws.† In many cases Lennie is likened to a dog. This image is furthered by Candy’s dog who plays a choral role as Lennie’s double. The description of Lennie as the ‘poor bastard’ also suggests that Lennie is not of the family of man. Lennie’s mind has never fully learnt how to control his body. He is thus not at home in the ranch where he and George are working as he is unable to cope with the complexities of ‘modern’ living. Also, living in the ranch for too long would inevitably lead to trouble, such as that which occurred in Weed. Therefore, even if one were to consider the ranch as being Lennie’s home, it can not be a permanent one. Through the subject of protest, Of Mice and Men provides us with a new dimension to homelessness. Negroes, cripples and misfits are all shunned by society. This is illustrated by the characters of Crooks, Candy and Lennie respectively. Lennie’s ill treatment is apparent at many times throughout the story. One such case being that when Curley decides to pick a fight with him. Even George, Lennie’s closest companion â€Å"used to play jokes on ‘im ’cause he was.. dumb.† Rejected by society Lennie is ‘homeless.’ However, one must add that although Lennie is treated badly at times, there are others where he is treated with kindness and sympathy. Yet, is sympathy enough to make him feel at ‘home’? In the first paragraph of the story we are introduced to the idea of nature as ‘home’. Yet, although Lennie is constantly portrayed as an animal, as with man, Lennie and nature are incompatible; one inevitably leading to the destruction of the other. Lennie, like a child, is fascinated with things that he can caress such as mice and pups. His love for them is undeniable, yet they all end up dead. One may say that he ‘loves them to death.’ Both Lennie and George know that Lennie is incapable of surviving in nature, thus with a sort of animal wit, Lennie plays on George’s feelings of guilt: â€Å"If you don’t want me†¦.I’ll go off in the hills†¦and live all by myself.† The idea of Lennie living alone in nature is a laughable one. This incompatibility is ominous- it is as if Steinbeck is saying that Lennie will either destroy nature or nature will destroy Lennie. Lennie’s home, the only one that may agree with his survival is one where ‘like a terrier who†¦..bring(s) a ball to it’s master’ he is always tethered to George, and constantly under his watchful eye. This is neither possible at the ranch nor where Lennie is alone in nature, he is therefore ‘homeless’ is in this sense. Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Lennie attempts to find home for the above reasons, for as George puts it, â€Å"(h)e was too dumb.† His motivation is that of fear; fear of loneliness, a concept that even Lennie is able to understand. His feeling of insecurity towards the one most important thing in his life-his relationship with Lennie is evident at certain times throughout the story. One such case being when cynical Crooks teases Lennie about what will happen if George does not return from town: † ‘He’ll come back to-night-‘ But the doubt was too much for him. ‘Don’t you think he will?’ † Lennie’s doubt makes Crooks’ double negative to be of great significance. Crooks’ says, â€Å"S’pose you didn’t have nobody.† Through this Steinbeck appears to be saying that George’s companionship is not one of substance. Their separation is indeed inevitable. For this reason Lennie de sires a home. Lennie’s dream of home is one in which he is in harmony with both man and nature. It is a humble dream, which is summed up by George, â€Å"Well its ten acres†¦got a kitchen, orchard, cherries†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Having a particular Western resonance in that it is related to the ‘great American dream’ in the time of the frontiers, the farm offers Lennie a sanctuary from his own innocence. He can be at one with nature that he so loves whilst being looked after by George. Yet cynical Crooks believes that this dream is impracticable: â€Å"Hundreds of them†¦an every damn one of ’em’s got a ..piece of land in his head†¦ Nobody never gets to heaven and nobody never gets no land.† Lennie’s tragic death is the final confirmation of this. Lennie’s life can be seen to be a trap. The only means of escaping the implications of homelessness and thus freeing himself is to dream. Crooks’ double negative (‘nobody never gets to heaven’) leads us to question whether Lennie actually ascertains his ideal home – paradise. Across the Salinas river lies the ‘golden foothill slopes’ that ‘curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains.’ The light flaming on the top of the Gabilan mountains is an image that recurs throughout the novella. At the end of the book Lennie stands facing the great mountains, all that lies between him and paradise is the Salinas river-the river of death. In death, Lennie has overcome this barrier. His ascending spirit is scaling the ‘golden foothill’-the path to heaven whilst his body shall soon receive the land for which it so yearned. Whether or not Steinbeck intended so literary an interpretation is unknown. However, the image gives us valuable insight to Steinbeck’s views on the subject of home. It is as though Steinbeck is saying that the actual apprehension of the dream is of little importance, what is of importance is the feelings and emotions that are generated by it.

Persuasive Essay On Euthanasia - 973 Words

Euthanasia, more commonly known as mercy killing, is the action of killing someone in order to end their suffering. This is a way for patients with terminal illnesses to die a peaceful death rather than a painful one; however, it is illegal throughout most of the United States. People have debated for many years whether or not Euthanasia in people should be legal. In the Bible, Exodus 20:13 states that â€Å"Thou shalt not kill.† This verse brings people to believe that mercy killing is an act of defiance against God. Most people have come to a conclusion that the Bible acts as the law of our country. This means that they could never bring themselves to go against the word of God. When something appears to go against someone’s religion, they†¦show more content†¦In these cases, patients are in an excruciating amount of pain, and often resort to the thought of mercy killing. In Michigan, there was a case where Dr. Jack Kevorkian administered a lethal injection t o Thomas Youk, a 52-year-old man that was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mr. Youk had reached out to numerous doctors and specialists, yet no one was successful in relieving his pain. The doctor was able to end his patient’s endless suffering, which allowed Mr. Youk to die a painless death. Dr. Kevorkian did the same in four other cases, which all resulted in him being praised by the patients and their families. Additionally, it is considered humane and moral to end an animal’s suffering, yet it is deemed illegal to do the same for a human being. In addition, patients suffering from terminal illnesses are expected to pay a tremendous amount of money in order to receive palliative care and hospital stays, for Medicare and private insurance companies only pay a small portion of the bill. The majority of patients have to pay between tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars for treatments that may not work; therefore, euthanasia tends to be a po pular option out. However, in most places, this is not legal. In these cases, numerous patients are forced into debt, which adds to the tremendous burden on their lives. When these patients finally pass, after years of endless suffering, the burden of theseShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Persuasive Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesAn Avoidable Loss Death by choice or euthanasia is a very controversial subject that is typically one-sided. The very concept of death alone is somewhat a taboo, but controlling death itself is another monster. Death by choice or â€Å"euthanasia† should not be legalized because it promotes defeatism, may lead to the strict procedures to become more accessible to people with non-fatal illnesses, could legitimize murder, or pressure the elderly. When an unfortunate illness befalls, people have a tendencyRead MorePersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesGrace (JiEun) Lee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killingRead MorePersuasive Essay on Euthanasia963 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia - The Right to Decide The definition of euthanasia from the Oxford Dictionary is: â€Å"The painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or is in an incurable coma.† Consider the words â€Å"suffering,† â€Å"painful,† â€Å"irreversible† and â€Å"incurable.† These words describe a patients terrible conditions and prospects. Euthanasia is known as â€Å"mercy killing† for a reason, it is the most, humane, moral and logical form of treatment available to patients that have no hopeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia811 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia In present society Euthanasia is a very controversial topic and must be addressed carefully and thoughtfully out of the respect of others. It is a topic that for those who are undecided on what side to pick really do not know which way to swing until it impacts their life. Euthanasia roughly translates into â€Å"a good death†, so for those who chose to end their life by their own decision, and without them having to deal with pain or the inevitable long incurable diseases, thenRead MorePersuasive Essay Euthanasia1446 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia: A Legal Murder According the Merriam-Webster dictionary, Euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (such as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy. This procedure seems appealing to the many people around the world who suffer from terminal illnesses. In the minds of these people euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide seems like the only escape. As stated in a journal, â€Å"My friendRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia1430 Words   |  6 Pageswould that answer change if you were suffering? Euthanasia, also known as â€Å"good death,† is the act of putting a living thing to death painlessly or allowing them to die by withholding extreme medical practices, such as withholding food. Then there is involuntary euthanasia: â€Å"a competent person’s life is brought to an end despite an explicit rejection of euthanasia† as stated by Robert Young, the author of Med ically Assisted Death. In the case of euthanasia, many people will argue that it is murder, butRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia737 Words   |  3 Pageswith no hope of ever leaving their hospital bed, death may seem like a blessing. Euthanasia is the practise of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain or suffering, a practise which is yet to be legalised in too many countries for being seen as illegal and immoral-which is ridiculous. A terminally ill patient or those suffering from deteriorating progressive conditions should always have the option of euthanasia. If possible, everyone would choose a quick and dignified death when the time comesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia730 Words   |  3 Pages Euthanasia is sometimes referred to a â€Å"mercy killing.† This controversial topic has been debated for decades. Some argue that euthanasia causes more harm than good, and with modern medicine it is simply unnecessary. Others argue that it is an act of mercy sparing a suffering individual from days, weeks, or months of unnecessary pain and anguish. However, there are moral and ethical questions surrounding euthanasia. It could be argued that killing of any kind is murder. No matter the situation orRead MoreFor Euthanasia Persuasive Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagespain and suffering. Euthanasia is a word that most people avoid because it is very controversial. But why? Euthanasia is a way of ending the prolonging of suffering, while leaving life in peace. Euthanasia is derived from the Greeks where Eu means good and Thanatos means death. When these phrases are combined the word euthanasia is created; meaning â€Å"good death† (6.) There are three types of euthana sia although only two are authentic forms. The first type is active euthanasia. It is described asRead MoreEuthanasia Persuasive Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagespainful clutch. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are two ways to end the life of a person. Euthanasia is the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster), also defined by the Oxford dictionary as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. In places where euthanasia is allowed, it